The incident occurred at 1:07am as officers from Kamala Police Station were preparing to set up a checkpoint at the Naka Police Box.
According to Phuket Provincial Police, a white Toyota Yaris Ativ bearing Phuket licence plates was travelling from Kamala towards Patong when it crashed into the checkpoint at high speed.
The impact sent the checkpoint sign flying across the road, striking and injuring Pol Sgt Anuchit Chaowcharoen, a squad leader with Kamala Police Station, who was standing behind it while preparing the checkpoint.
The driver allegedly abandoned the vehicle after the crash and fled the scene on a motorcycle.
Police quickly launched a pursuit and arrested the suspect in the Patong area.
The man was identified by police as Petrotos Kosta, an Australian national.
He was taken to Kamala Police Station for legal proceedings. Police did not mention whether Kosta was tested for alcohol or other substances.