The group – which also included an anaesthesiologist, a nurse and an assistant doctor – were involved in a vast illegal trade in kidneys, according to the judgement cited by the official Xinhua news agency.
The court in the city of Jinan in the eastern province of Shandong said several defendants had searched online for people selling kidneys nationwide and arranged for tests and matches between sellers and buyers.
The transplants were secretly performed in the city of Feicheng, according to the court.
Patients were each told to pay 400,000-600,000 yuan (B2 million-B3mn) while those selling kidneys received a mere 40,000 yuan (B205,000).
China in 2007 issued its first regulations on human organ transplants, banning organisations and individuals from trading in organs.
But trafficking cases are still common in China, which suffers a drastic shortage of donated organs.
Chinese tradition dictates that a corpse be buried without mutilation.
For decades most transplants used the organs of executed convicts, often without the consent of their families, according to rights groups – allegations denied by authorities.